Mental Health in First- and Second-Division Soccer Players: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: The benefits of sport in mental health have been broadly studied. However, few studies have examined these outcomes in high-performance athletes. We aimed to analyze the state of the mental health of the Villarreal Soccer Club's first- (FD) and second-division (SD) players and the possible mediating effects of sex and professional category. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study with an initial sample of 108 soccer players (final sample n = 54). Data from MINI, HARS, HDRS, BARRAT-11 and SCSRQ questionnaires were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean age was 23.41 years (SD = 4.56) and 61.1% (n = 33) were men. A proportion of 24.1% (n = 13) stated that they had undergone mental health treatment, 7.4% (n = 4) had taken psychotropic drugs, and 2.1% (n = 1) had made a suicide attempt. Differences were observed between the FD and SD players in terms of the sensitivity to punishment (t = -2.2; p = 0.033), overall impulsivity (t = -3.1; p = 0.003), unplanned impulsivity (t = 3.4; p = 0.001), and the HDRS (U = -110.5; p = 0.004), HARS-Total (U = -104.0; p = 0.006) and HARS-Psychological subscale scores (U = -104.0; p = 0.001). Differences were also observed between the female and male SD players for the HARS-Somatic subscale (U = 136.5; p = 0.028). CONCLUSION: The low values obtained in the clinical scales, together with the reported psychopathological histories, suggested that the Villareal players showed better mental health than the general population.

Ideación suicida entre reclusos: análisis con perspectiva de género, durante cinco años de seguimiento (2017-2022) / Suicidal ideation among prisoners: analysis with a gender perspective in a five-year follow-up (2017-2022)

Introducción: En el entorno penitenciario, hay una elevada incidencia de conductas autolesivas, con una tasa de suicidio superior a la existente en la población general. Estudios previos describen la asociación de factores sociodemográficos, clínicos y criminológicos, con el riesgo de suicidio en la población penitenciaria masculina, pero hay pocas investigaciones centradas en el análisis de la conducta suicida entre mujeres. El objetivo del trabajo es analizar las características de las internas que ingresan en una unidad psiquiátrica por presentar ideas de suicidio o haber realizado tentativas.Material y método: Análisis descriptivo y comparativo de 97 internos (68 hombres, 29 mujeres) ingresados en la Unidad de Hospitalización Psiquiátrica de la Penitenciaria de Cataluña (UHPP-C), por ideas de suicidio, entre el 1 de enero de 2017 y el 31 de diciembre de 2022. Resultados: Se encuentran diferencias respecto al lugar de nacimiento, con mayor presencia de nacionalidades africanas en varones no nacionales, mientras que las internas extranjeras suelen ser originarias de países latinoamericanos. Los hombres tienen menor edad media, con ingresos más prolongados y una mayor tasa de reingreso. También padecen más trastornos psicóticos y adictivos. Las mujeres presentan mayor prevalencia de trastornos de personalidad y cuadros afectivos. Conclusiones: Hay diferencias sociodemográficas y clínicas entre hombres y mujeres internos en prisión que requieren ingreso por ideación suicida. Incluir la perspectiva de género en los estudios sobre el riesgo suicida en la población penitenciaria puede proporcionar una base sólida para futuros estudios, permitiendo así una comprensión más completa de la ideación suicida y las necesidades de intervención en la población penitenciaria.(AU)

Introduction: There is a high incidence of self-harming behavior in the prison setting, with a suicide rate that is higher than that of the general population. Previous studies describe the association of sociodemographic, clinical, and criminological factors with the risk of suicide in the male prison population, but there is little research that specifically analyses suicidal behavior among women. The objective of this study is to analyze the characteristics of inmates who are admitted to a psychiatric unit for suicidal thoughts or attempted suicide. Material and method: Descriptive and comparative analysis of 97 inmates (68 men, 29 women) admitted to the Unidad de Hospitalización Psiquiátrica Penitenciaria de Cataluña (UHPP-C), for suicidal ideation, between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2022. Results: There are differences in terms of place of birth, with a more significant presence of African nationalities in non-national males, while foreign inmates tend to come from Latin American countries. Men have a lower mean age, longer admissions, and a higher readmission rate. They also suffer from more psychotic and addictive disorders. Women have a higher prevalence of personality disorders and affective symptoms. Conclusions: There are sociodemographic and clinical differences between male and female prison inmates who require admission for suicidal ideation. Including a gender perspective in studies on suicide risk in the prison population can provide a solid foundation for future studies, thus allowing a more complete understanding of suicidal ideation and intervention needs in theprison population.(AU)

Characterization of autism spectrum disorder inside prison.

INTRODUCTION: Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by intolerance of change, empathy deficits, misunders- tandings, and emotional dysregulation. Core symptoms can determine criminal behaviour and subsequent interactions with the penal system. A significant presence of such symptoms is detected in forensic settings. The objective of this study is to analyze the characteristics of autism within the prison context, summarizing and updating the knowledge in this field. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Systematic review through databases on studies that analyze the socio-demographic, clinical, and judi- cial characteristics of prisoners diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. RESULTS: Autistic traits constitute an independent risk factor for incarceration. Those inmates with autism spectrum disorder frequently present a psychiatric comorbidity, especially substance use disorder, psychotic disorders, and other neuro-develop- mental disorders. They are associated with a greater probability of self-harming thoughts and disruptive behaviours, which are not predicted by the usual evaluation tools. DISCUSSION: Prisoners with autism spectrum disorder have a differential socio-demographic, clinical, and criminal profile. A specific approach that is different from the one provided for neurotypical prisoners should be offered to these inmates. In- frastructures should be adapted to reduce fragility, make the environment more flexible and specific methods for evaluation and treatment should be developed.

Caracterización del trastorno del espectro autista dentro de prisión / Characterisation of autistic spectrum disorder within in prison

Introducción: El autismo es un trastorno del neurodesarrollo caracterizado por intolerancia al cambio, déficit en empatía,falsas interpretaciones y desregulación emocional. La sintomatología nuclear determina la comisión de delitos y la posteriorinteracción con el sistema penal, detectándose una presencia significativa en entornos forenses. El objetivo del trabajo esanalizar las características del autismo dentro del contexto penitenciario, resumiendo y actualizando el conocimiento endicho ámbito.Material y método: Revisión sistemática a través de bases de datos sobre aquellos estudios que analizan las características sociodemográficas, clínicas y judiciales, en reclusos con diagnóstico de trastorno del espectro autista.Resultados: Los rasgos autistas constituyen un factor de riesgo independiente para el encarcelamiento. Aquellos internos contrastorno del espectro autista presentan con mayor frecuencia una comorbilidad psiquiátrica, especialmente trastornos por usode sustancias, trastornos psicóticos y otros trastornos del neurodesarrollo. Asocian mayor probabilidad de pensamientos autolesivos y conductas disruptivas, que no son prevenidas por las herramientas de evaluación de uso frecuente.Discusión: Los reclusos con trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) presentan un perfil diferencial a nivel sociodemográfico,clínico y delictivo. Debe ofrecerse un abordaje específico para esos internos, diferente respecto al dispuesto para los internosneurotípicos. Hay que adaptar infraestructuras para reducir su fragilidad, flexibilizando el entorno y desarrollando métodosespecíficos para la evaluación y tratamiento. (AU)

Introduction: Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by intolerance of change, empathy deficits, misunderstandings, and emotional dysregulation. Core symptoms can determine criminal behaviour and subsequent interactions with thepenal system. A significant presence of such symptoms is detected in forensic settings. The objective of this study is to analyzethe characteristics of autism within the prison context, summarizing and updating the knowledge in this field.Material and method: Systematic review through databases on studies that analyze the socio-demographic, clinical, and judicial characteristics of prisoners diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder.Results: Autistic traits constitute an independent risk factor for incarceration. Those inmates with autism spectrum disorderfrequently present a psychiatric comorbidity, especially substance use disorder, psychotic disorders, and other neuro-developmental disorders. They are associated with a greater probability of self-harming thoughts and disruptive behaviours, which arenot predicted by the usual evaluation tools. Discussion: Prisoners with autism spectrum disorder have a differential socio-demographic, clinical, and criminal profile. Aspecific approach that is different from the one provided for neurotypical prisoners should be offered to these inmates. Infrastructures should be adapted to reduce fragility, make the environment more flexible and specific methods for evaluationand treatment should be developed. (AU)

Relevance of psychogeriatrics in the prison setting: a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: The aging of the world population is reflected in the penitentiary setting, with a progressive increase of elderly inmates. These prisoners present complex clinical processes with multiple comorbidities, and require a specialized approach. However, resources have not yet been adapted to the unique characteristics of this vulnerable subpopulation. The aim of this review is to highlight the relevance of psychogeriatrics in prison, detecting the most prevalent diseases and outlining the needs of elderly inmates. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Narrative review through databases of those studies that analyze psychopathologies among inmates over 50. RESULTS: Elderly inmates present a high prevalence of substance use (especially alcohol), affective symptoms (depression) and cognitive deterioration. A significant presence of personality disorders, anxiety, post-traumatic disorders, psychotic disorders, and physical comorbidities is also observed, with rates higher than among young convicts and the general geriatric population. There is a higher prevalence for any diagnosis amongst women, mainly for affective disorders. DISCUSSION: Prisoners over 50 have a different profile from other prison population. They suffer from more physical and mental illnesses, and so require specific health and social approaches. It would be advisable to adapt clinical care by optimizing resources, developing prison psychogeriatrics and establishing specific assessment and treatment methods.

Purpose in Life and Character Strengths as Predictors of Health Sciences Students' Psychopathology During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background: Health sciences students experience high levels of psychopathology conditioned by psychosocial, financial, and academic factors. However, COVID-19 pandemic might even have worsened their mental health. Thus, this article aims to evaluate how the exposure to COVID-19 pandemic has affected these students' mental health and to determine the effect of purpose in life and character strengths on this psychopathology. Methods: A cross-sectional study of unpaired samples was carried out in Spain during the first and third waves of the pandemic in 70 medical and 52 nursing students. Results: The risk factor that most determined the appearance of anxiety was the exposure of family and friends to COVID-19 (OR = 4.01; p < 0.001), while the most protective factors were honesty (OR = -1.14; p = 0.025) and purpose in life (OR = -0.18; p < 0.001). Purpose in life also protected against the onset of depression and total psychopathology. In addition, we observed studying medicine was a protective factor against total psychopathology while being a nursing student was associated with high levels of acute stress. Conclusion: Exposure of the students' family and friends to SARS-CoV-2 favored the appearance of symptoms of anxiety. Honesty had a preventing role in the onset of anxiety and a high purpose in life was protective against the appearance of anxiety, depression, and total psychopathology.

Substance Use in the Transgender Population: A Meta-Analysis.

(1) Background: This meta-analysis aimed to assess the relationship between identifying as transgender and substance use. (2) Methods: We searched for relevant studies in PubMed, Scopus, the Web of Science, and PsycINFO on 21 July 2021. (3) Results: Twenty studies comparing transgender and cisgender people were included in this work, accounting for a total of 2,376,951 participants (18,329 of whom were transgender). These articles included data on current tobacco use, current tobacco use disorder, current alcohol use, current alcohol use disorder, lifetime substance (all) use, current substance use (excluding tobacco and alcohol), current use of specific substances (excluding tobacco and alcohol and including cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamines, ecstasy, stimulants, heroin, opiates, cannabis, marijuana, LSD, hallucinogens, steroids, inhalants, sedatives, Ritalin or Adderall, diet pills, cold medicine, prescription medications, polysubstance, other club drugs, and other illegal drugs), and current substance use disorder (excluding tobacco and alcohol). We used the ORs and their 95% CIs to state the association between identifying as transgender and those variables. The control reference category used in all cases was cisgender. We employed a random-effects model. Transgender people were more likely to use tobacco (odds ratio (OR) = 1.65; 95% CI [1.37, 1.98]), have used substances throughout their lives (OR = 1.48; 95% CI [1.30, 1.68]), and present current use of specific substances (OR = 1.79; 95% CI [1.54, 2.07]). When current alcohol and substance use in general and tobacco, alcohol, and substance use disorders specifically were considered, the likelihood did not differ from that of cisgender people. (4) Conclusions: The presence of substance use disorders did not differ between transgender and cisgender people. Considering this population as consumers or as addicted may be a prejudice that perpetuates stigma. Nonetheless, transgender people were more likely to use tobacco and other substances, but not alcohol. Hypothetically, this might be an emotional regulation strategy, a maladaptive mechanism for coping with traumatic experiences, or could respond to minority stress, produced by stigma, prejudice, discrimination, and harassment. It is of particular importance to implement policies against discrimination and stigmatisation and to adapt prevention and treatment services so that they are inclusive of the 2SLGBTQIA+ community.

Relevancia de la psicogeriatría en el entorno penitenciario: una revisión sistemática / Relevance of psychogeriatrics in the prison setting: a systematic review

Introducción: El envejecimiento de la población mundial tiene su reflejo en el entorno penitenciario, con un incremento progresivo de los internos de edad avanzada. Los reclusos mayores presentan cuadros clínicos complejos, con múltiples comorbilidades, requiriendo un abordaje especializado. Aun así, los dispositivos todavía no se han adaptado a las peculiaridades deesta subpoblación vulnerable. El objetivo del trabajo es determinar la relevancia de la psicogeriatría en prisión, detectando lasenfermedades más prevalentes y perfilando las necesidades de los internos de edad avanzada.Material y método: Revisión sistemática a través de bases de datos de aquellos estudios que analizan la psicopatología existenteentre reclusos mayores de 50 años.Resultados: Los internos de avanzada edad presentan una prevalencia elevada de abuso de sustancias (especialmente alcohol),cuadros afectivos (depresión) y deterioro cognitivo. Asimismo, también se observa una presencia relevante de trastornos depersonalidad, de ansiedad y postraumáticos, trastornos psicóticos y comorbilidades físicas, con tasas superiores a los penadosjóvenes y a la población general geriátrica. En mujeres, existe una mayor prevalencia para cualquier diagnóstico, principalmentecuadros afectivos.Discusión: Los presos mayores de 50 años tienen un perfil diferente al resto de población penitenciaria. Padecen más enfermedades físicas y mentales, por lo que requieren un abordaje sanitario y social específico. Sería recomendable adaptar la atenciónclínica mediante la optimización de recursos, desarrollando la psicogeriatría penitenciaria y estableciendo métodos específicos de evaluación y tratamiento. (AU)

Introduction: The aging of the world population is reflected in the penitentiary setting, with a progressive increase of elderlyinmates. These prisoners present complex clinical processes with multiple comorbidities, requiring a specialized approach.Still, the devices have not yet adapted to the peculiarities of this vulnerable subpopulation. The aim of this review is tohighlight the relevance of psychogeriatrics in prison, detecting the most prevalent diseases and outlining the needs of elderlyinmates.Material and method: Narrative review through databases of those studies that analyze the psychopathology existing amonginmates over 50.Results: Elderly inmates present a high prevalence of substance abuse (especially alcohol), affective symptoms (depression) andcognitive deterioration. Likewise, is observed a significant presence of personality disorders, anxiety, post-traumatic disorders,psychotic disorders, and physical comorbidities, with rates higher than young convicts and the general geriatric population. Inwoman exists a higher prevalence for any diagnosis, mainly for affective conditions. Discussion: Prisoners over 50 have a different profile from the rest of the prison population. They suffer more physical and mental illnesses, so they require specific health and social approach. It would be advisable to adapt clinicalcare by optimizing resources, developing prison psychogeriatrics and establishing specific assessment and treatment methods. (AU)

"Healthcare Kamikazes" during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Purpose in Life and Moral Courage as Mediators of Psychopathology.

Although the required personal protective equipment was not available during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, Spanish healthcare workers continued to work, being dubbed as 'healthcare kamikazes'. Two possible reasons are moral courage and purpose in life that, in turn, would modulate the appearance of psychopathology. Cross-sectional study was carried out in 90 Spanish and 59 Mexican healthcare professionals, and 56 medical and nursing students. Spanish professionals had suffered more work and overall exposure (M = 8.30; SD = 2.57 and M = 9.03; SD = 2.66) than Mexican (M = 5.10; SD = 1.87 and M = 5.55; SD = 2.35). Mexican professionals had fewer anxiety disorders (30.5%; n = 18) and a lower depression score (M = 4.45; SD = 5.63) than the Spanish (43.7%; n = 38; and M = 8.69; SD = 8.07). Spanish professionals more often experienced acute stress disorder (32.6%; n = 29). Purpose in life, in addition to having a direct protective effect on psychopathology, also modulated the relationship between personal and family exposure and psychopathology. In conclusion, purpose in life protects against the appearance of psychopathology in healthcare workers with personal and family exposure to SARS-CoV-2.